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Confucians are gentle – the teacher of tribute and the essence of Confucianism
Author: Wu Shichen (Specially appointed and awarded by the Southeast Major Academy)
Source: “Confucians” Issue 1, 2024
Abstract: “Confucians are gentle” is the most classic annotation of the word Confucianism by predecessors. The ancient characters of “和” are “和”, “和”, and “和”, and the original meaning is “和撌”, which means teaching and restraint. “Sheng” is the summary of the experience of first-class people serving animals in the nomadic era. “Softness and distance” reflects the traditional concept of the ancient people’s education and governance of the country through tribute. “Duoxu” and “Duoxu” were the teachers of the Shang Dynasty, and their abilities were to implement education by teaching poems, music and dancing. They have inheritance relationships with Zhou Zhilei officials “Big Xu” and “Xiao Xu”. When the Yin Dynasty fell and Zhou Dynasty declined, the tribute masters fell into their salary and scattered around the common people, and still lived by the gifts and the teachings of tribute knowledge. Confucius’ contribution was to teach three generations of classics, including “Pen”, “Book”, “Treetings” and “Lectures”, which enabled Confucians to create sufficient dramatic performance from their comparative and clear performances. For several days, no teacher who practiced the customs became a teacher of the Six Ethics. Confucianism has come to this day.
Exploring the connotation and structure of the word “Confucian” is the basic subject of studying Confucianism. To solve this problem, it is undoubtedly necessary to borrow and correctly understand the word “Confucian” by previous generations. Among them, “Confucianism is soft” is the most classical note of the predecessors, so it reminds that the essential characteristics of the word “ru” also have classical meaning.
1. “Confucianism is gentle”: a classic annotation of “Confucianism” by modern scholars
From the Han Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, modern scholars have always paid attention to and explored the connotation and characteristics of the word “Confucian”. Among them, there are three most influential examples of the annotation of the word “Confucian”: Donghan Xu Shen’s “Shiwen Jiezi·Renbu”: “Confucianism is soft. The name of a scholar. From a person, one needs to speak.” [1] The “Rule Record Catalog” by Zheng Xuan of Donghan says: “Those who are called Confucianism are based on their virtues. Confucianism’s words are gentle. They can comfort others and convince others. Confucianism is also self-help, and they can moisten their bodies by the way of the previous kings.” [2] Just as the scholars have learned, “When you use ‘soft’ to train ‘Confucianism’, it is correct that ‘Confucianism’ comes from softness. Zheng Xuan also uses ‘Confucianism’ to come from softness.” [3] “Legendary Writing” by Shu Deming of the Tang Dynasty: “Confucianism’s words are harmonious. It is said that they can be at peace and comparative.” [4] Shu Deming does not mean “softness” and cannot deny “softness”, but because “softness” and “harmony” are the same, they can be replaced by each other. Since then, “Confucianism is soft” has become a classical discussion of the annotation of Confucian characters, and there were few doubts until the end of the Qing Dynasty. As Zeng Yan of the Qing Dynasty said in “The Confucianism”: “All characters that come from the need are soft, and the wool arrows are soft, and the flesh is soft; the robe is short, and the clothes are soft and the clothes are soft; the robe is soft and the clothes are soft; the robe is soft and the silk is soft; the robe is soft and the silk is soft; the robe is soft and the children are weak, and the wet water is weak, all of them have soft meanings.” [5] In terms of the meaning of the characters, the three words “elegant, soft and harmonious” are all able to be trained by Confucianism because these three characters are the same and are connected, and they all have peace. For example, “Pensheng·Zhoulu·Shiyi”: “Principle”Wine is soft. “Zhu Xi collected the words: “Softness means harmony.” “”Penyi·Big Elegance·Life”: “Softness and distance can be used. “Mao Qiong: “Softness means peace.” “Du Yi’s “Preface to Age”: “Be good and soften it.” “Kong Yanda’s commentary: “Elegance and softness are both peaceful and comfortable, which means being broad and relaxed. “An, peaceful. “Speech: Consciousness”: “See what you are at ease. “Liu Baonan’s righteousness: “Safe is where the mind stops. “The Year of the Ji Family·Lecheng”: “I will be at peace with you for three generations. “Gao Cheng’s note: “An means to be vigilant.” “6 clothes, habits, suitable. “Chu Yuan · Nine Chapters·Orange”: “The Queen Emperor’s Ancestral Tree, Orange is covered. “Note: “Pretty means to be vigilant. “7, “benefit”, “soft”, and “harmony” all seem to contain the meaning of people being at peace, or making people being at peace with a certain environment or state. When discussing Confucianism, there seem to be fewer people who are at peace with “elegant” and “peaceful”, while there are many people who are at peace with “soft”.
To use “soft” to emphasize “Confucianism” in a certain level, it is grounded in shaping the political position of Confucianism. For example, “Shangshu·Shun Dian” “Softness can be used to be free. “Cai Shenji said: “Soft means being broad and silenced.” “As for “Chinese: Zhou Dynasty 2”: “There is a gift for giving, so it is a blessing, so it is gentle and easy to approach. “The broad and gentleness are like the synonyms of the policy of gentleness. In addition, softness is benevolence. “Shangshu·Wuyi”: “The Hui is soft and kind. “Sun Xingyan’s “Annotations and Commentaries on Ancient Chinese Literature” quoted the annotation of “Mandarin·Chapter VII” from the Three Kingdoms: “Soft and gentle little things.” “Softness means kindness. ”【8】Oddness is to be superior and broad, soft and gentle, and both gentle and gentle are to be at ease. Confucians use their gentle heart to be at peace and approachable and make the people feel proud and arrogant.
To use “soft” to pay attention to “Confucianism”, which also reflects the Confucianism’s gentleness and style of dealing with people in daily life. For example, Confucius’ commentary on the Tang Dynasty: “Confucianism acts in differences, or regards being a Confucianism as a Confucianism, or regards being fierce as a Confucianism. When explaining to others, they can always be gentle, so they are famous for being Confucianism. ”【9】As for the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Yan’s “The Confucian Confucianism”: “In the past, Confucius wrote to the fifteen Confucians to ask Ai Gong for Confucianism, starting with great success and respecting the end. Let the silence be unimpressed. Therefore, it is said that there is no conflict between righteous people. Only when there is no conflict can one be made, so they can be made, so they can be made gentle, and only when they are soft can they become Confucian. This is the purpose of Confucianism to teach softness. … Need and soft are both voices, and all words that come from need are soft. …Civilized inside but soft outside, smooth, soft, soft, soft, and soft. ”【10】Change abstract softness into concrete behavior, that is, make softness and softness, thus making softness a standard abstraction of Confucians. Confucians do not generate virtues with softness and morality, but require acquired learning and self-cultivation. That is to say, “Confucians are wet, and they can wet their bodies with the way of the previous kings. “”Ru” means to be immersed in silence. Confucians learned the ways of the previous kings through self-influence, and gained the political and civilized quality of a family governing the country and pacifying the whole country, and thus became a true righteous man of the country. “Soft” and “Ru” responded from beginning to end, and combined to shape the inner behavior and inner world of Confucianism. “Confucians are gentle” “It is weak or gentle, and even continued to rise to the political initiative of Confucianism’s soft governance of the country, which should be derived from the theoretical processing and potential understanding of scholars after the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism. The darkness also planted the historic summary and criticism of the Qin government, which severely punished and severe laws. Until the Qing Dynasty, “soft”Still trained by Duan Yukai as the meaning of “weakness and peace”, you can see the huge impact of classical softness.
2. Understand the differences in the statement “C TC:
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